Are Synthetic Food Dyes Harmful to Children? Here’s What the Science Says

Synthetic food dyes are used in processed foods to enhance colour but have no nutritional or preservative benefits. Common in snacks, drinks, and cereals, these dyes are labelled by colour and number, such as “Red 40” or “Yellow 5.” They are particularly prevalent in foods marketed toward children. Without clear labelling requirements in the US, consumers often face challenges in identifying which products contain these additives.

Recent Developments in California

California has recently taken a unique step with the passing of the California School Food Safety Act. Set to take effect in 2028, this legislation will ban specific synthetic dyes from public school foods. The move responds to studies that associate some synthetic dyes with behavioural effects in children, including issues with focus and increased hyperactivity. California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment reviewed 25 clinical trials on synthetic dyes, with findings indicating a potential link between consumption and behavioural changes.

Federal Position on Food Dyes

Contrary to California’s approach, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has maintained its approval for synthetic food dyes, stating that current evidence does not conclusively prove a direct causative effect on behaviour. Although research has shown associations, the FDA’s position remains unchanged, suggesting that available data do not meet the threshold for regulatory action. This divergence in guidelines has created a regulatory discrepancy, with state and federal perspectives on food dyes varying.

Research and the Broader Debate

The debate surrounding synthetic dyes has gotten more important as studies indicate possible health impacts. Some research suggests a connection between food dyes and neurobehavioral issues, particularly in children. The lack of any conclusive studies has made it challenging to establish more firm guidelines. Animal studies have shown neurological effects from exposure to certain dyes, though translating these findings to human diets remains complex.

Outlook for Food Dye Regulations

With California setting a new precedent, there is potential for other states to reconsider their policies. Advocacy groups and public health experts are increasingly calling for standardised guidelines to help consumers make informed choices. Until regulatory alignment is achieved, consumers are encouraged to check product labels for synthetic dye listings if they wish to avoid these additives.