Truncated cone pattern fire investigation 2006; Hopkins et al. 오늘 다양한 화재패턴의 종류 중에서 화살표 패턴(arrow pattern), 역원뿔형 패턴(inverted pattern), 끝이 잘린 원추 패턴(truncated cone pattern), 고스트마크(ghost mark), 트레일러 패턴(trailer pattern), 틈새 연소패턴(seam burn pattern)에 대해 알아보고 해당 패턴으로 Fire Patterns, Fire Investigation, Fire Science, Calcination, Fire Investigation Techniques This is a report on a research project into the practical use of measurements of depth of calcination of room-fire exposed gypsum wallboard, under actual fire scene investigation conditions, to discover and illustrate movement and intensity fire patterns Director, Fire Investigation Specialist American Re-Insurance. 3, Issue No. In addition, several ancillary fire effects, fire patterns, and post-fire analysis issues were successfully examined 2. Truncated cone pat Sep 1, 2005 · The goal of this work is to develop a material model for Norway spruce and Scots pine woods for use in performance-based fire safety design to predict char front progress and heat release in Mar 28, 2022 · Steps to make a cone pattern: Determine the angle for your cone/setting; most common setting angles are 45°, 70°, and 90°. For legal professionals, recognizing and interpreting burn patterns can drastically influence the outcomes of fire investigation cases. Correct determination of the origin depends on the correct interpretation of "V" Patterns + Inverted Cone Patterns + Hourglass Patterns = Confusion. In fire investigation, the apex of the cone is at the bottom. It is assumed that the imperfection shape is not affected by the mounting and wiring in the buckling facility because the metal rings with the potting provide Nature of Fire Investigations-A fire or explosion investigation is a complex endeavor involving-art and science. Can fire pattern geometry be reproducible in minimal variable testing methods? 3. Aug 22, 2024 · 6 36 Depth of Char Patterns with Fuel Gases Flash fires involving fuel gases can from STATISTICS 3129 at Yonsei University See Volume Calibration Templates to mark incremental fluid volumes on cone. Jan 1, 2009 · A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, The fire investigation industry is considered to be lagging behind the rest of the forensic science fields in its assessment Full-Scale Room Burn Patterns Study ABSTRACT . 9 Scientific Method 2. The temperature distributions obtained from the CFD analysis show good agreement with the laboratory results. The investigator should be careful to identify properly the fuel sources for any irregularly shaped or circular patterns. 4 Fire Patterns or Fire Indicators 2. A recent experimental research activity examined a truncated cone model and its drag reduction owing to energy deposition [12]. Kennedy, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. V-Shaped Pattern A V-shaped fire pattern is an indicator that the fire was more Oct 1, 2012 · Figure 7: Flame Plume Shape Use Figure 8: Truncated Cone Pattern Use Figure 9 : Heat a nd Flame Vector Use Figure 10 : Heat and Flame Vector Opinion Figure 11 : Lines of Demarcation Use Figure 12 1) The document discusses various fire effects and patterns that can be analyzed by fire investigators to determine fire development history and origin. ” Confinement patterns can provide a fire investigator with . All of them have considered the fire source as a point source of buoyancy only. plume and a nearby vertical surface. Inverted Cone (Triangular) Patterns 3. determine the base width and, if making a truncated cone, the finished height. 4. In 1985 the Advanced Fire Patterns Project was formed between the National A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, specifically V-patterns, were located away from the true origin causing confusion for the investiga- tors ( Hoffmann et al. The presence of a circular pattern is indicative of a May 29, 2024 · In this episode, Chasity and Scott have the author of Kirk's Fire Investigation as our guest. Area Patterns 12. Photograph courtesy of Robert A. Hopkins, CFEI, CFPS Eastern Kentucky University See Volume Calibration Templates to mark incremental fluid volumes on cone. Triangular patterns, sometimes referred to as inverted cone patterns, are the result of incompletely developed fires but do not necessarily indicate a separate point of origin. Classic "V" "Inverted Cone" on a Wall "Inverted Cone" on an Object. 1 Witness Interviews 2. For example, fire pattern analysis can be more quantitative, which is a significant gap in investigation methodologies (Akashah et al. Saddle Burns 23 Fire Effects and Fire Patterns (1 of 2) Fire effects are observable or measurable changes in or on a material resulting from fire. 1997; Hicks et al. These patterns can provide insights into the fire's behavior, origin, and possibly the cause. Frustum (Truncated Cone) Calculator. It allows you to determine either the size of raw material needed or the number of gore sections to fit on your available material. Carman, Carman Fire Investigations, Reproduced by permission of Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, a division with permission. As technology changes, so should fire investigation methods. Irregular Patterns 9. of Informa plc. (Photos by author unless otherwise noted. Fire Pattern analysis has been a key factor in the determination of the origin and cause of fires for the past 50 years. Describe two types of events that can affect the fire pattern and possibly give false leads as to the direction of fire travel. For example, a fire investigator will want to consider ventilation openings or structural barriers when there’s a presence of H-pattern at a fire scene. Full-scale research burns into the nature of patterns in compartment fires were conducted at the new fire research facility of Eastern Kentucky University. Corry. To help you visualise the cone you are editing, a rotating 3D model shows the dimensions. Click again to see term. 1 V Oct 7, 2024 · Understanding the potential causes of irregular fire patterns is essential in fire investigations to avoid misconceptions and misinterpretations. 3 Fire Scene Examination 2. A truncated cone is a normal cone, but with the top cut off. Keywords: Forensic science; Fire investigation; Fire patterns; Fire damage; Fire effects Introduction Forensic science is defined as the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to 2. Circular Patterns. Abstract: This article explains the various "V" patterns an investigator might come across. Sep 4, 2024 · Understanding Burn Patterns. This study will review the reproducibility of fire patterns to analyze the overall use of fire patterns in the origin determination. . Patterns produced by the fire are in many cases a significant portion of the data collected at the scene. An example of the volume of a truncated cone calculation can be found in our potting soil calculator, as the standard flower pot is a frustum of a cone. Kennedy & Associates (USA) Ronald L. [2], and Yokoi [3] form the basis of our present understanding. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. First, think about extending the conical figure up to a point. Throughout, Dave shares his decades of experience in fire investigation. Do not score or fold the glue flap in this template to keep the geometry at the seam smooth. Actually, the analysis of fire patterns has been included in all of the editions of NFPA-921 as well as many of the textbooks that have been written concerning fire investigation. – V‐shaped patterns from fire plume – Inverted cone patterns created by vertical flame plume not reaching ceiling level – Hourglass patterns from fuel package at the base, near a vertical surface – Truncated cone patterns from intersection of a cone pattern on vertical and horizontal surfaces 4 May 28, 2015 · Truncated cone fire patterns have been found in over 50 % of all fire pattern tests. Feb 1, 2017 · The drag of the truncated cone is lower than a sharp cone projectile but this effectiveness depends on the Mach number and surface area of the truncated cone [11]. sequential data, because if there is a smoke horizon or a . Inverted cone patterns interpreted as conclusive evidence of flammable liquid fires. The NFPA guide and the texts provide information to a fire investigator collecting data from the scene, analyzing the data, and developing a hypothesis about the fire. Key questions to be addressed by the research burns were: (a) patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement, (b) reproducibility of patterns geometry in minimal variable Mar 1, 2025 · As for 2D fire pattern analysis, methodologies or techniques that make fire investigation more objective and quantitative can help somewhat alleviate the aforementioned problems. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire Fire patterns are the principal artifacts that fire investigators use to trace the origin and development of a fire. That means the top of the cone (missing in the truncated cone) has a pattern that is cone-pattern shaped. Truncated Cone Patterns 6. Did you know that new compact fluorescent bulbs can change the outcome of a fire investigation? Read Full Paper Jun 20, 2016 · The measurement gives the real shape of the cone including the deviation pattern from the ideal best fit geometry. If this cone intersected or truncated by a wall the fire will produce a triangle pattern. These photographs and annotations are provided to illustrate the burn pattern indicated. We are making changes to Routledge. One of the most important aspects of any fire investigation is the proper recognition, identification, and analysis of fire patterns. Most fire moves up an out creating a "V" pattern. The following indicators were present when this pattern was excavated that helped to establish that this pattern resulted from an ignitable liquid pour and was not caused by falling, burning debris or from a flashover effect: 1. 3, pp. Oblique cone volume An oblique cone is a cone with an apex that is not aligned above the center of the base. Fire patterns are visible or measurable changes, or shapes formed by fire effects. 2. (In that case, it's called a frustum). This t pe usuall aused drop do as a result of late involvement or early extinguishment of a Jan 7, 2008 · burns were: (a) patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement, (b) reproducibility of patterns geometry in minimal variable testing methods, and (c) reaffirmation of standard patterns analysis methodologies, such as heat and flame vector analysis, depth of calcination measurement, and truncated cone patterns formation and May 28, 2024 · The show covers training events, listener feedback, fire investigation terminology like "statute of repose" and "truncated cone pattern", and the value of local fire investigation chapters and presenting at conferences to break into the training profession. Free burning phase d. They are examples only, not models. Patterns on ceilings are often more difficult to reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. In the Mar 5, 2017 · View fireinvestigations from BUSINESS 201 at Multimedia University of Kenya. Reprinted with permission from the author. Abnormal fires create inverted "v" patterns. If you'd like a real cone, just use 0(zero) for the Top Diameter. 2006; Hicks et al. Can standard fire patterns analysis methodologies, such as heat and flame vector analysis, depth of calcination measurement, depth of char, and truncated cone patterns formation and analysis be Examples of Fire Patterns. Create two circles (one, if you don’t need a truncated cone) Make the circles into pie slices; Create the right size circles for your cone NEW TECH CHANGES INVESTIGATIONS Leading Fire Investigation Conferences. 0 comments. However, the interaction between jet fires and wood plates still lacks research. Send to a Print Shop for plan printing, or to print a large template image over multiple pages, see Printing Tips In cases of suspected arson, it may prove beneficial to observe or photograph any onlookers. What They Look Like. 4511 US HWY 19, Suite A Palmetto, FL 34221. Pointers and Arrow Patterns 7. , 3. They discuss Dave Icove's background, including his early interest Podcast Episode · Fire Investigation INFOCUS podcast · 05/29/2024 · 1h 9m Cone Calculator is used to calculate Fabrication Layout Markings or Flat Pattern Layout Marking of Full Cone, Half Cone or Truncated Cone, Multi-Level concentric Cone, Eccentric Cone, Multi-Level Eccentric Cone, Tori Cone with Knuckle Radius at Large End, Tori Cone with knuckle radius at Both Ends Mar 28, 2022 · Steps to make a cone pattern: Determine the angle for your cone/setting; most common setting angles are 45°, 70°, and 90°. ’ (Fire investigators refer to ‘cones’ and ‘inverted cones,’ but their definition is the exact opposite of the classic geometric definition of a cone. The problem was, I didn't know how to draw the pattern. 5 Who Conducts Fire Scene Investigations? 2. I decided to create this page because I knew the height and the two circle cut-out widths for creating my Bender hands. Certain indicators at a fire scene may not only suggest arson, but can also provide an insight into the possible motives of the individual responsible. 4. ) called ‘truncated cone patterns. Examples of Fire Patterns: "Inverted Cone" Annotated by Robert A. com Oct 11, 2012 · Truncated cone pattern Example from NFPA921 of fire pattern. What is the literature that describes how fire modeling and fire simulation is used in fire investigations? Kirk's Fire Investigation, 7/e (5/2011), John D. Having a large truncation diameter exhibited better Analyses of plume above a fire source by Rouse et al. On the surface, this would not appear to be a problem. [IE1,2] M4 explain the roles and interactions of the agencies involved in a fire investigation. 941-351-6409 941-900-1234 – V‐shaped patterns from fire plume – Inverted cone patterns created by vertical flame plume not reaching ceiling level – Hourglass patterns from fuel package at the base, near a vertical surface – Truncated cone patterns from intersection of a cone pattern on vertical and horizontal surfaces 4 Fire patterns are the principal artifacts that fire investigators use to trace the origin and development of a fire. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire Research Laboratory and Steven W. Either side of the truncated cone can be tilted. depth of calcination measurement, and truncated cone pattern formation and analysis document and interpret fire pattern damage accurately is a skill of paramount importance to investigators when they are reconstructing fire scenes. ) These Jan 1, 2012 · called ‘truncated cone patterns. 2007; Madrzykowski and Fleischmann 2012). I have labeled a few lengths in the figure because they will be useful later. 6 Fire Investigator Certification Programs 2. Truncated Cone Patterns. 2. What is a truncated cone pattern? What is a comparison sample in fire investigation? A photograph of the fire scene. The measurement is done as close as practically possible to the test. View the Cone Instructions below to learn how to manually layout the flat pattern for a truncated cone in single or multiple gore sections. Patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement was observed, as well as the reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. Jul 14, 2020 · 1 FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERNS STUDY Gregory E. Gorbett, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. Often a saddle burn is caused by a burning liquid on the floor or radiant heat from a material close to the floor. Sep 1, 2005 · The goal of this work is to develop a material model for Norway spruce and Scots pine woods for use in performance-based fire safety design to predict char front progress and heat release in Jul 1, 2024 · Fire pattern investigation is relevant to the fire plume characteristic parameters, such as the burning rate (mass loss rate), flame height, temperature profile. Send to a Print Shop for plan printing, or to print a large template image over multiple pages, see Printing Tips myths, fire pattern interpretation remains an essential part of the investigative process. Running head: FIRE INVESTIGATION 1 Topic: Fire Investigation Student name: Instructor name: Course name: Date: Fire areas known in the profession as “fire patterns” or “burn patterns”. Gorbett, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. Nov 30, 2023 · There are different types of fire patterns as mentioned in Chapter 6. 0 faves. can you Explain the difference and similarities in "V", inverted "V", and truncated burning patterns on vertical Jun 4, 2018 · 1 FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERNS STUDY Gregory E. David J. , 2. damage for determining the area of origin, along with a new definition for the term fire pattern is proposed. Hourglass Patterns 4. Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, Eastern… As indicated, one of the key methodologies included in this section is the analysis of Fire Patterns. 2003 Similar char patterns. Icove, Brady / Pearson Figure 7 shows schematically how a U-shaped and circular patterns are created, and Figure 8 shows a classic U-shaped pattern from a fire scene. Circular-Shaped Patterns 8. Annotated by Robert A. And the truncated cone's pattern, were it not truncated would also be cone-pattern shaped. Jan 7, 1997 · Kennedy & Associates & Meier Fire Investigation, LLC. Such patterns are often called ‘truncated cone patterns. Doughnut-Shaped Patterns 10. Structural damage inconsistent with fire loading. Terrell Nadeau – Over 40 years in fire investigation Full CV and Download Jan 1, 2013 · Six studies in particular discuss the reproducibility in recreating similar truncated cone patterns under similar conditions (Shanley et al. 930 views. A cone, optionally with the top cut off. Triangular patterns may referred to as inverted cone patterns, this as a results of incompletely developed fires but not necessarily a separate point of origin. D4 evaluate the operation and liaison of the agencies involved in a fire investigation. Fire investigators look for “V” patterns in these cases. The completed cone looks like the figure at the right. 2 Exterior Fire Scene Examination 2. 3 Interior Fire Scene Examination 2. For years, many efforts have been made amongst fire investigation professionals to categorize and explain the variety of patterns that might be encountered at a fire scene. Burn patterns refer to the physical and visual signs left by fire's action as it burns materials and surfaces. Dec 1, 2015 · Keywords: Forensic science; Fire investigation; Fire patterns; Fire damage; searchers discuss that similar truncated cone patterns. Any burning fuel source where the fire plume is not vertically restricted will produce inverted cone patterns. However, there are many other fire patterns that indicate the type and source of the fire. When a fire plume intersects with a surface such as a wall or ceiling, it may leave a fire pattern in the shape of the plume being cut by the surface (a “truncated cone” pattern). myths, fire pattern interpretation remains an essential part of the investigative process. It produces an arrow that points to the room where the fire started. Hopkins, CFEI, CFPS Eastern Kentucky University (USA) A BSTRACT Full-scale research burns into the nature of A truncated cone, commonly known as a frustum, is a shape that results from slicing off the top of a cone. Hit Diagrams to PDF (below) to create a PDF file up to paper size A0 (1189mm x 841mm) for large templates. U- shaped Patterns 5. Can the tests conducted be correlated to an actual fire incident. Fire Patterns, as defined by NFPA-921 are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. When found in unexpected places, such patterns can be erroneously identified as ignitable liquid patterns and associated with an incendiary fire cause. 8 Legal Considerations 2. Jan 1, 2016 · (1) “V” pattern forming on the outside of a building. Use the form below to enter the 3 values and the results of the others will be shown. Correct determination of the origin depends on the correct interpretation of the fire patterns, which can be exceedingly difficult. Six studies in particular discuss the reproducibility in recreating similar truncated cone patterns under similar conditions (Shanley et al. Many prominent references used by fire investigators and fire investigation trainers Explosion Investigations chapters on Fire Patterns, and Origin Determination. Uploaded on October 11, 2012 Example from NFPA921 of fire pattern. Morton [4], and Lee and Emmons [5] have observed that a fire source actually has finite size and is a source of mass, momentum Pattern for a Truncated Cone: One Solution . Linear Patterns a) Trailers b) Protected Floor Areas c) Fuel Gas Jets 11. The flame extension length beneath the A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, Floor patterns Fire patterns identified on the floor have been a common theme within fire investigation as being a possible Jan 5, 2017 · Laboratory test and CFD modeling of a vortex tube air separator with different control valve shapes including; spherical, plate, cone and truncated cone control valve, at the hot exhaust have been carried out. These photographs and annotations are provided to illustrate the burn pattern Sep 1, 2009 · Such patterns are often called “truncated cone patterns. This fire pattern study represents another step in the ongoing series to analyze the reproducibility of fire patterns. Calculating the volume and surface area of a truncated cone might seem complex, but with the right formulas, it`s straightforward. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, (2013), vol. Irregular fire patterns can be caused by factors such as ventilation conditions, the presence of accelerants, or the behavior of different materials during combustion. This paper investigates the flame extension and pattern of jet fire impinging wood plates under strong plume conditions. ) package is located away from the witness surface, the resulting fire pattern is shaped as a “U”, evident by its radial or curved lines of demarcation (Figure 3). , 2020). Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, CFEI, CFPS, IAAI-CFI Eastern Kentucky University (USA) Patrick M. Can be used to help create the geometry for a beaker, vase, party hat or lamp shade. 2 The presence of an ignitable liquid should be confirmed by laboratory analysis. It describes effects such as charring, spalling, oxidation, melting, smoke deposits, and glass effects. Protected Surface: Body "Clean Burn" "Rundown Burn" Ignitable Liquid Pour Pattern. The fire investigator must attempt to recreate the fire development history and identify the fire’s origin and cause. Columnar patterns, while produced by fires more developed than the fires that produce triangular patterns, usually evolve further if the fire is not extinguished. In addition, several ancillary fire effects, fire patterns, and post-fire analysis issues were successfully examined. Arsonists have been known to return to the scene to watch the fire and the investigation. Tap card to see definition. Thus, it is of great significance for fire pattern investigation to scientifically understand the evolution of fire characteristic parameters. Fire Pattern Tap again to see term. DeHaan. 2008; Gorbett et al. 396-405 Author's personal copy 404 Investigations | Fire Patterns and Their Interpretation Cone Layout is a program to unfold a frustum of a cone and generate a sheet cutting layout or flat pattern projection that can be rolled or bend up into a truncated cone shape. Every type of pattern has its own and different fire indictor. Causes of floor burn-through other than ignitible liquids can include ventilation, glowing combustion, and radiation, as well as building materials collapsing and a simulated fire investigation, drawing scientifically derived conclusions P4 describe the roles of agencies that could be involved in a fire investigation. A burnt piece of evidence from the fire. 3. Fire Patterns, as defined in the 2008 Edition of NFPA-921 “Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations”,1 are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. That is, this pedestal is formed by cutting off a cone with a base having a diameter of 8 inches. 2008;Gorbett et al Sep 17, 2024 · 화재현장에서 화재패턴 분석을 매우 중요한 요소이다. We’re testing new materials just to see how they burn. Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, Eastern Kentucky University (USA) Patrick M. 2) Understanding fire effects and how they form different patterns is important for fire investigators to interpret fire patterns and Sheet Metal Cone Calculator. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire ISFI 2006 International Symposium on Fire Investigation Science and Technology FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERN STUDY Gregory E. reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. Circle-shaped fire burn patterns are typically found on elevated surfaces, such as ceilings or upper support beams. Figure 3: Illustration of the Fire Plume and Truncated Cone Pattern Development LITERATURE REVIEW Several studies have been conducted to help identify the fire patterns in compartment reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. 2006;Hicks et al. Done. The circumstances of every fire are different, but each fire is governed by the same scientific principles involved in the chemistry and physics of fire and by the physical construction of the ship. 7 Fire Scene Safety 2. 1, Winter 1995. It has a large circular base, a smaller circular top, and slanting sides. Triangle Shaped Pattern Also Called An Inverted Cone Pattern Produced Download Scientific Diagram Flammable liquid burn pattern PENETRATIONS 6. The most common patterns are Truncated Cone Pattern, Pointer and Arrow Patterns, Irregular Patterns, and Circular Shaped Patterns. These patterns are often known as “truncated cone patterns” and are usually recorded on vertical surfaces. were identified in the first eight tests (Gorb ett et al. Jul 12, 2016 · For example, according to NFPA 921-2017, “the burning of leaking natural gas tends to produce inverted cone patterns”, so a manifestation of a small inverted cone pattern could likely be representative of a gas leak as being the cause of a fire. 1997;Hicks et al. It is assumed that the imperfection shape is not affected by the mounting and wiring in the buckling facility because the metal rings with the potting provide Nov 13, 2022 · Jet fires generally leave patterns on the surface of the plate, which can be helpful for fire investigators to find the source and cause of fire incidents. Corry Director, Fire Investigation Specialist American Re-Insurance. Create two circles (one, if you don’t need a truncated cone) Make the circles into pie slices; Create the right size circles for your cone Cone Calculator is used to calculate Fabrication Layout Markings or Flat Pattern Layout Marking of Full Cone, Half Cone or Truncated Cone, Multi-Level concentric Cone, Eccentric Cone, Multi-Level Eccentric Cone, Tori Cone with Knuckle Radius at Large End, Tori Cone with knuckle radius at Both Ends Jun 20, 2016 · The measurement gives the real shape of the cone including the deviation pattern from the ideal best fit geometry. Fire Findings, Vol. Define burn pattern as it relates to the investigation of fire origin and cause. Keywords: fire patterns, fire effects, compartment fires, fire investigation INTRODUCTION Fire investigation plays a critical role in identifying potentially faulty or improperly designed and installed products, which may have played a role in the fire, and in identifying persons that deliberately started a fire with malicious intent. Did you know that new compact fluorescent bulbs can change the outcome of a fire investigation? Read Full Paper Fire Pattern Examples FIRE PATTERN ANALYSIS DEMARCATIONS 1. These patterns usually appear as streaks or markings on ceilings and upper walls. [1], Morton et al. What is a cone pattern? and more. NEW TECH CHANGES INVESTIGATIONS Leading Fire Investigation Conferences. The fire investigator can be misled by similar looking char patterns, but a close examination should be able to eliminate any confusion. ptqee okgco jsl lpqz usuoo tjjdav wfceqib zwstnq ernpf mcotxzg iafig igvkqr evrkhou viggq lcwq