No bubbles in urine . Many times, they result from rapid urination or dehydration. Quick insights: Most cases of clear urine with bubbles are due to overhydration, fast urine stream, and toilet cleaning products. Normal urine has a clear or pale yellow color, and it can include bubbles. Pain or pressure. Pelvic pain can feel like a dull ache, built-up pressure or a sharp, localized pain. Bubbles in Urine: Female However, this type of foam in the urine usually disappears in a few minutes and is not indicative of a serious problems. However, it could also be something Mar 11, 2021 · You go to the bathroom and notice your urine looks foamy or bubbly. Bubbles in urine can arise due to simple causes such as increased outflow of urine or mild dehydration, or it may be due to the presence of some severe underlying disease. Dec 24, 2017 · Usually, taking a urine test can help to identify the cause of bubbles when you pee. Spoke to my doc, based on no uti's or abnormal discharges, does not seem to indicate a fistula. Learn about some of the potential causes and treatment options here. Jul 3, 2022 · When urine is normal, it’s pretty clear in color with a yellowish hue. “Bubbles are bigger, clear and flushable,” explains Dr. I have been testing it for 3 days. The appearance of a single layer of larger bubbles upon Dec 15, 2023 · Excessive bubbles in urine, which can be hard to flush, can be a sign of protein in urine, which may indicate kidney disease. ” My urine looks exactly like this, it happens almost all day long. Bubbles are big, clear, and flushable. Sperms can sometimes be left in the urethra after ejaculation Historically, persistent foamy urine noticed upon voiding is considered a warning sign of kidney disease. But less foam or no foam in the afternoons and evenings. Proteinuria. Unlike normal urine, cloudy urine is not clear. Remember: blood in your urine is NEVER normal. Got a test and the eh said I was negative for h polri or however you spell it. Causes of Bubbles in Urine. This can be a sign of protein in your urine (proteinuria), which requires further evaluation. If the urine dipstick test remains negative for protein, you're in the clear, but with your history, periodic testing is advised. However, if the foam persists or is accompanied by swelling or other symptoms, it’s important to seek medical advice. It's more likely to be diagnosed when blood or urine tests are carried out for another reason. Common Causes of Bubbles in Urine. Foamy urine ALONE does not mean ur kidneys are in trouble. This is called proteinuria or albuminuria (albumin is the main protein in your blood). Below are a few reasons you may be experiencing foam or bubbles in your urine. They filter waste and fluid from the blood and produce urine. 4. I did 2 blood tests to check kidneys, 5 dip stick urine tests at GP, 3 urine culture tests were sent to lab , 2 renal ultrasounds. ; Exposure to extreme cold; Fever; Strenuous exercise; Tests to identify protein in urine are critical for diagnosing and screening for diseases of the kidneys or other conditions affecting kidney function. Foam is white and stays in the toilet after you flush (Northwestern Medicine, n. So I wanna ask what other situation can cause foamy urine and pain. If I use the cup I get almost no foam. 'This can be affected by how fast the urinary stream is and how Feb 10, 2011 · What is Pneumaturia? Pneumaturia is the term for passing gas in the urine. There's no danger in clear urine. will they be formed even if one stands or sits and urinates!: Normal causes: of bubbles in urine include dehydrated concentrated uri Mar 8, 2025 · Foamy urine can be the result of a fast urine stream. Too much protein. Everyone occasionally has bubbly urine. “This is not a problem. Foamy Urine. Also do not urinate into the toilet water, but hit the side of the bowl, see if you still get urine. Normal urine is clear, with a yellowish hue, with no blood or foam. Mar 9, 2023 · Urine should typically be clear and not murky, though the color can vary. Bubbles in Urine: Male. Dec 26, 2024 · She said there was no blood found in urine either. Mar 11, 2025 · Bubbles in the urine can be indicative of a normal or abnormal finding. By evaluating the composition of urine collected over 24 hours (including different types of proteins and waste products), the lab can calculate how much protein is passed each day. I have two kidney stones with 6mm in left kidney, frequently urine infections causing, So i talk with a nephrologist. The pH scale is the levels of acids and bases (alkaline) in your urine. If you have foamy urine, visit FastMed as soon as possible. Sep 10, 2024 · Foamy urine is common, and the causes can be harmless — maybe you had too much water to drink, or not enough. Jan 13, 2025 · While bubbles are clear, foam is more of an opaque shade of white. However, persistent foamy urine may be due to excessive protein in your urine, which could indicate more serious issues like kidney problems. The amount of bubbles/ foam that appears in my urine varies on my water intake, and when I drink little to no water at all, it still appears after flushing and seems more foamy. Most people notice bubbles in the toilet after urinating. When I urinate standing up, I notice foamy bubbles. May 10, 2024 · Clear urine with bubbles can result from benign conditions such as a fast urine stream or detergents. Dec 14, 2016 · Having some bubbles in the urine is normal, so unless you notice changes or experience other symptoms, bubbles in the urine is not something to worry about. Mar 14, 2018 · Bubbles in the urine are not the result of drinking too many carbonated beverages and can come from a few different causes. Foam in urine can indicate protein leakage or other harmful health conditions. 1. If i drink plenty of water and urinate there is no foam occurred. While bubbles in the urine are normal and it goes away after flushing, foamy urine stays in the toilet even after flushing. Historically, persistent foamy urine noticed upon voiding is considered a warning sign of kidney disease. Read these related Bubbles in urine occur when unwanted matter present in the body gets eliminated via the urine. While occasional bubbles are usually harmless, persistent foamy urine might signal underlying issues. Went to two different doctors and the emergency room, each time my urine levels were perfectly normal. If you are a girl I don't know how much foam you might see exactly, might depend if your Urine can tell us a lot about what’s going on within the body, it can make us aware of vitamin and nutrient deficiencies, mineral imbalances and more. I also did a STI screeni i read one symptom of foam/bubbles formed in urine maybe cause of protein in urine. Dec 26, 2024 · Lab tests (blood and urine) are more conclusive than looking at bubbles in your pee & whether they pop or not and trying to determine if it is actually bubbles, foam or froth. I read in the internet sources, that it might be due to a high protein content in the urine, which may be due to a kidney problem. I did a follow up test at my doctor's office a couple days later and had no detectable protein in my urine. Will just monitor for now as my last urinalysis was normal. Also, it occurs due to diseases such as albuminuria or UTI. Dehydration — Not drinking enough water can lead to bubbly urine. Normal urine is clear with a yellowish hue, no blood and no foam. Dehydration. A chemically-treated paper dipped into the urine sample will change color if protein levels are high. RBP in urine, NAG in urine, beta 2 mikroglobulina. Gotta see if ur urine is cloudy/redish, then its a clear problem. Usually, urine should have very little or no traces of protein. And while it shouldn’t contain blood or foam, it may have big, clear bubbles that disappear once you flush, according to Northwestern Medicine. 5 to 8 pH. Urine leaves the body through another small tube called the urethra. For me, the foam can be related with SIBO. I understand non-worrying bubbles cause by the wee hitting the water will disperse quickly. Call your doctor if little or no semen comes out when you have I am male 33yrs and For past one year. Jan 8, 2025 · To measure the exact amount of protein excreted in the urine, your healthcare provider may recommend a 24-hour urine collection test. Aug 29, 2023 · 7. The appearance of a single layer of larger bubbles upon Mar 19, 2025 · Foamy urine can happen at any time of day, but some people might notice more bubbles in their pee first thing in the morning because it's more concentrated after sleeping, Dr. This issue is often related to kidney and liver diseases. Apr 8, 2024 · While bubbles are clear, foam is more of an opaque shade of white. Bubbles are bigger and are clear, while foams are whitish and minute. "This can be affected by how fast the urinary stream is and Jan 28, 2025 · Foamy urine describes a foam that appears on top of your urine and is often confused with bubbly urine. One cause of bubbles in the urine is protein, which can be a sign of kidney disease, sure. Mar 21, 2025 · Foamy urine vs bubbly urine. Foaming or fizzing urine may also be a sign of kidney failure, though foam is not a color and usually occurs due to increased protein in urine or kidney disease. Sep 18, 2018 · Bubbles that enter the urine stream while urinating don’t count as pneumaturia. The balance of these components affects the pH of your urine. Dec 5, 2014 · Hi, looking to see if anyone has been or has experienced bubbles in their urine after a cystoscopy. There is no harm in masturbating, and it does not cause kidney disease. When to See a Doctor Aug 10, 2017 · Soap in the chemicals can create bubbles. This is The most common cause of cloudy urine is the presence of high amounts of alkaline. There are several reasons why urine might appear foamy: Dehydration. Speed of urination. The typical symptom of diabetes is frequent urination. Mar 11, 2021 · There are several reasons why you could have foamy urine, including: Cleaning products — Cleaning products in the toilet bowl can make it look like there are bubbles in your urine. 3 month ago I noticed foam/bubbles in the toilets. Jan 12, 2022 · The causes of bubbles in urine can be alarming if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as generalized body weakness, swelling of the upper and lower extremities, nausea with or without vomiting, loss of appetite, changes in urine output, lack of sleep, and dark colored or cloudy urine. Pneumaturia as a symptom usually does not appear on its own and I have bubbles in urine all day (no protein) floating stool as well, burping a lot all day but started taking lemon water in morning and the burps went away but still have bubbles in urine and floating stools. And each time all the doctors told me I was fine and should stop worrying. The first observation of giant foam was associated with food poisoning. Because bubbles inurine can result from something as minor as urine mixing with cleaning chemicals found in the toilet to a sign of something more significant like kidney disease, it is always a good idea to discuss this symptom with your physician. If your bladder is full, your urine may hit the toilet at a faster speed than normal, causing the water to stir and create bubbles. Jun 18, 2018 · Foamy urine is a symptom of several medical conditions. A weak or interrupted urine stream could be a symptom of an enlarged prostate in men. Aug 5, 2021 · Bubbles in urine and foamy urine are different. How fast your urine stream is and how far the urine has to travel before hitting the water in the toilet can affect how many bubbles end up in the toilet bowl. Bubbles tend to be big and clear. If too yellow you are deeply dehydrated. If your pee looks a little bubblier than usual, it could be that it’s coming out a little faster than it usually does. Residue in a toilet bowl from soaps and cleaning products can also be culprits. Sometimes, though, protein Jun 23, 2018 · Hello doctor, I am a 29-year-old male. Urine moves from the kidneys through narrow tubes to the bladder. Jun 23, 2020 · Dark brown urine occurs in kidney failure due to the buildup of waste products in urine or urinating less often and in smaller amounts than usual. Aug 16, 2022 · The kidneys are located toward the back of the upper abdomen. These conditions create an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora, leading to symptoms like itching, burning, and unusual discharge that can appear like cottage cheese, according to a physician with the Oct 4, 2018 · Foamy urine, on the other hand, will likely be white instead of clear and will stick around in your toilet after you’d expect bubbles to fade away. A more common cause of foamy urine is protein in the urine, says Elena Campbell, MD, a urologist with Ochsner Health Center in Baton Rouge. The kidneys filter the blood, removing toxins and wastes Feb 24, 2024 · Your first indication that something is wrong might come from the results of a routine urine test (urinalysis). But this is not always the case. And i did a blood a Jul 24, 2024 · Protein in urine: Foamy urine can indicate too much protein, such as albumin, in your urine. In many cases, sediment can only be detected by a clinical Nov 4, 2016 · I have got foamy urine for half a year and I recently feel obvious pain and burp after urine. Certain foods, medications, the amount of fluid lost through sweat, and your health can influence the color of your urine. Advertisement In this article: Here’s what causes bubbles in urine and when to get help. Dec 4, 2024 · If your urine is frothy or foamy, it can indicate that something is wrong with your kidneys. This condition, called pneumaturia, is rare and can be a symptom of something serious. And the culture came back good. Some causes of bubbles in the urine are normal or harmless, but others can warrant some deeper concern. I would def call your obgyn and let them know. In some cases, frothy urine may be a sign of kidney issues, diabetes, or even blood cancer. The color of pee is usually pale yellow to dark amber. If no foam appears, you can know that the toilet cleaner is causing the foam. However, when I use a urine test stick to test my urine (sold here), everything goes fine (no protein, no Leukocytes, no bilirubin, etc). Having protein in your blood is normal. These severe causes of bubbles in urine require urgent medical attention. If your diet has too much protein or your kidneys are not working properly. Your bubbles are just bubbles. This may appear as gas bubbles in the urine and the passage of gas from the urethra during urination. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. If you’re dehydrated, your urine may appear foamy because it’s more concentrated. You can have preeclampsia with or without high blood pressure. Jan 8, 2018 · Dark Colored Urine. Weak urine stream. Here are some of the health conditions that may cause urine to frequently foam up. Most causes of foamy urine are normal, such as having a full bladder or being dehydrated. Male. Can bubbly urine be a sign of infection? Bubbly urine is often caused by air in the urine stream and is usually not a cause for concern. Typical urine acidic-to-alkaline levels range from 4. This can cause it to appear darker and foamier than usual. Though I am peeing like a man which gives it more force entering the water, maybe makes it look worse. Foamy urine is characterized by the appearance and persistence of multiple layers of small to medium bubbles in urine voided into a container, such as a toilet bowl (see Figure 1). It is normal for bubbles to appear in your urine, especially if you urinate quickly and with Feb 11, 2025 · 4. 'Some amount of bubbles in the urine is normal,' says Yaakov Liss, MD, a nephrologist at CareMount Medical in New York. The only other significant cause of foam is proteinuria. Pneumaturia should be taken seriously as it is an indication of a compromised urinary tract which could progress to other complications if left untreated. However, several medical conditions can also result in bubbly or Dec 16, 2016 · Bubbles in Urine – Conclusion. To make sure that the cleaner is the cause, urinate in a clean container. To cut short, men should get them checked if they notice dark urine. Bubbles in Urine - FastMed: Bubbles in your urine are usually harmless, but if your urine appears foamy, it could be a sign of a serious illness. Foamy urine can indicate kidney, bladder, or urinary tract problems. I also have talk to other people around my same age (28) who are healthy and tell me they have bubbly urine all the time. “Some amount of bubbles in the urine is normal," says Yaakov Liss, MD, a nephrologist at CareMount Medical in New York. Now, however, scientists are warning about the presence of bubbles in a person’s urine, saying it could be a sign of kidney damage. I just went to pee and I have at least 1000% X the bubbles. Jan 2, 2025 · Health News: If you notice foam or bubbles in your urine while urinating, it could be a sign of serious health issues in your body. See if any foam or how the urine looks (yellow of course, but clear to see through). People will also need to contact a doctor if they have: Jun 15, 2022 · While urine may occasionally be bubbly, foamy urine has many layers of bubbles in it, many of which will not disappear. If someone is worried about foamy urine however I'd ask them whether they feel like they are peeing air or bubbles. Layers of foam in your urine can be a symptom of kidney disease or protein in the urine. Aug 13, 2018 · Bubbles in urine or foaminess in the urine can be caused by a number of factors, including dehydration, Type 2 Diabetes and illness, but it can also be normal with no issue for concern. 8. Foam in the urine is usually not harmful, but it could mean your diet consists of too much protein. What to do: A good way to find out if the foam is because of a quick urine stream is to leave the pee in the bowl for a few minutes before flushing. Bubbles in the urine can also be caused by the semen in your urine. Nov 10, 2017 · Severe Causes of Bubbles in Urine. Your doctor may need to perform a few tests to figure out where the bubbles are entering your urine. Gas in the bladder that passes with the urine is not normal. Urine consists of water, salts and kidney wastes. Jan 28, 2024 · What does cloudy urine look like? Cloudy urine looks murky white or milky yellow. I’ve been dealing with this for about one year and a half, made tons of tests (protein/creatinine leves normal, dipstick negativa) in all of them, but plasmatic creatinine is always around 0. Aug 2, 2017 · Urine contains waste products and extra fluids from your body. This is not normal. This can be caused by a variety of factors, i If glomerulonephritis is mild, it does not usually cause any noticeable symptoms. In general, bubbles in urine shouldn’t be too much of a problem; it usually just shows how strong you are urinating. When a person isn’t drinking enough fluids, their urine becomes more concentrated. If you're drinking so much though that you're body can't excrete it fast enough it can be dangerous in throwing you're electrolyte balances off. Protein in your urine. Yes, really. If you urine looks dark brown, this could be a sign of something serious, so see your professional as soon as possible. ). However, you don't have protein in your urine, so you don't have kidney disease. Semen in Urine. Sediment, or particles, in your urine, can make it look cloudy. Glomerulonephritis signs and symptoms may include: Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria). If you continually experience bubbly urine, go and see your doctor. Until ur urine is foamy but no other symtphom and ur urinalysis come back normal, i guess just drink plenty of water and dont stress it. Jan 14, 2023 · Passing foamy urine now and then is normal, for the speed of urination and other factors can influence this. Never experienced bubbles in my urine prior to this. Excess of protein in the urine can result in bubbly urine. Too much protein in your urine can cause bubbly urine that looks like foam on the toilet water. Looks like nothing compared to mine. But if you're spilling protein, it's not just a few bubbles. Mar 2, 2018 · Urinate in a cup or glass which has no water in it. Ghossein. Harmless Causes Of Bubbles In Your Urine. No protein and no infection. Feb 25, 2024 · Everyone has gas in the digestive system. Jun 11, 2023 · Sometimes it looks like one or two white patches floating on the surface about the size of my fingertip which on closer inspection is a collection of tiny bubbles, other times there are collections of small bubbles around the edge of the toilet bowl. Here is a list of the most common benign causes of this condition: Chemicals. This can result from your kidneys not filtering properly, signaling kidney disease. Jan 27, 2025 · Similar to how dark-coloured urine indicates dehydration and a kidney issue, foamy urine, characterised by bubbles in the urine, can also signal trouble. 4 weeks a go had urine trac infection and 10 days a go had bubbles in urine i 47 years female is it seriouse? 3 doctors weighed in across 2 answers A member asked: 5 days ago · Bubbles in the urine can be indicative of a normal or abnormal finding. There are certain chemical elements in our urine (urea or sodium) which react with toilet cleaners, and odor removers, creating gasses that cause bubbles to appear in our urine. Feb 26, 2025 · No, foamy urine can sometimes be caused by dehydration or the force with which you urinate. A full bladder can lead to a forceful urine stream producing bubbles. One significant reason for bubbly urine could be proteinuria—a condition where excess protein is present in the urine. Although mild cases of glomerulonephritis can be treated effectively, for some people the condition can lead to long-term kidney problems. Making an assumption based on your health based on whether or not you have sturdy bubbles in your urine is ridiculous. According to Western medicine, foamy urine may indicate protein in the urine. What I've noticed since then is if I urinate after laying down for an hour or more (mostly to red Feb 15, 2018 · The bubbles in the urine is a sign of protein in the urine, the swelling is also a sign. Symptoms of glomerulonephritis Mar 20, 2025 · Dehydration — when the body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to work as it should. One of the kidney's most important jobs is to remove waste products and extra water from the blood. High blood pressure (hypertension). According to the Mayo Clinic, protein in your urine, which is also called proteinuria, is a waste product that your kidneys normally get rid of. I think it's worth doing RBP in urine To exclude kidney disease. If your child has no symptoms and a urine sample collected first thing in the morning indicates no protein or only trace amounts, the doctor may suggest that your child be tested again in a year. In some cases, however, it’s caused by the presence of proteins and needs to be further investigated. Kaufman says. I further questioned her about if she thought the bubbles in urine would stop if I continued to not eat all those protein bars but she said no she didn’t think so since there was no protein found. However, it could also be something Oct 27, 2022 · Bubbles, especially ones that require multiple flushes, can be a sign of protein in the urine or albuminuria (proteinuria). Seeing bubbles in urine can be perplexing. There may also be other benign reasons why your urine appears foamy, such as if the toilet has a cleaning solution in it. However, it is important to know how to differentiate the difference between foam and bubbles in the urine. Could it be a sign that something’s wrong? The short answer: Maybe. The bladder stores urine until it's time to urinate. Shusterman says. Sep 3, 2024 · “A good, strong, full stream of urine hitting the water will often ‘bubble’ due to the force of the urine stream hitting the toilet water,” Dr. Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria). READ: Urine: The Secret To Clear Skin? “Bubbles are bigger, clear, and flushable,” Dr. She couldn’t explain the bubbles but didn’t seem overly Jan 31, 2025 · A thin layer of air bubbles forms on top of the urine while urinating. Frequent foamy urine is a sign of an existing serious medical condition. There are times when bubbles in urine can be an indication of a serious condition like a kidney disorder or urinary tract infection. On the other hand, when I drink a lot of water, I get no bubbles and my urine seems perfectly fine. Nov 27, 2020 · Healthy, most likely: Bubbling urine may be seen off and on in normal person, but more often, persistent, and heavier in the urine of patients with severe kidney damage such as diabetic nepohropathy or nephrotic syndrome. They disappear when flushed away Apr 7, 2019 · Good morning I am 44 years old. In many cases, the presence of bubbles in urine is simply due to the flow of urine and the way it interacts with the toilet bowl or other receptacle. Healthy urine appears smooth in texture with a color ranging from pale yellow to a darker golden hue. If I do it sitting, there are no bubbles. May 31, 2024 · In most cases foamy urine is nothing to worry about, but in some situations, it could be a sign of an underlying health issue. I have seen that my urine is foamy in the morning. 9 (eGF > 100). Apr 8, 2024 · Yes, really. However they all came back negative. It is true that too much protein is hard on kidneys. 6'3 - 92kgs-No renal issues in the family. Oct 5, 2024 · Infections such as bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections can lead to changes in urine when vaginal discharge becomes mixed with urine. However, blood in the urine does not necessarily mean a diagnosis of bladder cancer. I did some tests after noticing some bubbles in my urine, fortunately came out Maybe some bubbles will pop if you drop toilet paper on them, they are bubbles after all. White stuff in your urine causing it to appear murky or cloudy could be caused by excess protein, pus, or mucus. If you haven’t had much water to drink and are dehydrated, your urine will be more concentrated. Ghossein explains, noting that everyone will have bubbles in the toilet after urinating. It’s not uncommon for patients to delay seeking medical help for two reasons: 1) the bleeding may happen occasionally and briefly, and 2) there’s usually no pain along with the bleeding. It may even be a sign of liver malfunction. d. Although normal urine can be bubbly from time to time (the speed at which your pee comes out can create bubbles that then disappear), it is concerning if your urine is frothy or foamy (white bubbles that stay in the toilet even after you flush). “It’s very different from bubbles,” Dr No, bubbles in urine are not always alarming. Plz lemme know what y’all find this mess sucks. Here are some common causes: 1. It can also be Aug 18, 2018 · Foamy urine: Very rapid urination/strong force can cause foam/bubbles in the urine. Feb 24, 2024 · Your first indication that something is wrong might come from the results of a routine urine test (urinalysis). Here's I'm doing even more thorough research I won't have long to have results to determine kidney tubules damage. But you should see your doctor if you have persistently foamy urine that becomes more noticeable over time. Foamy urine, also known as frothy urine, is a condition where urine appears to have a frothy or bubbly texture. If that is the case, it may persist as long as you pee hard and fast. Feb 4, 2021 · I'm a 36 year old male, and about 2 months ago I had a positive proteinuria test, which I received after experiencing edema in my feet, one day. Urine tends to look foamy due to how fast it hits and stirs up with the water in the toilet (Watson, 2018). But foam is different from bubbles. Many males can experience bubbles in urine. Normal bubbles go away when you flush. If the urine bubbles disappear after a few minutes, no treatment is required. Most often, dark urine is associated with liver disease or blood in the urine. These tubes are called the ureters. Type 2 diabetes can also be a reason behind foamy urine. Mar 21, 2023 · Why Do I Have Foamy Urine? Foamy urine may indicate an underlying health condition, such as diabetes or lupus. However, if the bubbling persists or is accompanied by symptoms like swelling or changes in urination patterns, consulting a healthcare provider is advisable for further evaluation. Does foamy or bubbly urine forms no matter where you peeing? Like directly at the water or side of the toilet? It's weird, I know but a doctor advised me that if I peeing aiming not at the water but at the side, that indicates that my urine is bubbly and not foamy. In this video, we will discuss the causes of foamy urine and how it can be Jul 31, 2023 · Protein in your urine. Changes in urine stream strength often develop over time, especially with age. In some cases, foamy urine may be a sign of kidney issues, diabetes, or even blood cancer. However, it’s important to understand the difference between regular bubbles and foam. This is completely normal. But sometimes, foamy urine may be your body’s way of telling you that something is wrong. icfsnr fqqbc grwhx rva drafk cefya ocpg wobto ypbo dixiky qkjl fdqow opac jcfntd ibux